* Age-graded classrooms: Students are grouped by age into separate classrooms.
* Subject-based curriculum: Learning is organized into distinct subjects (math, science, English, history, etc.) taught in separate classes.
* Teacher-centered instruction: The teacher is the primary source of information and knowledge, often lecturing to the class. While active learning is increasingly incorporated, the teacher holds a central role.
* Standardized testing: Assessment is frequently based on standardized tests to measure student progress and school performance.
* Fixed schedule: The school day and year are structured around a set schedule with regular class times and breaks.
* Hierarchical structure: The school operates with a clear hierarchy, with a principal at the top, followed by administrators, teachers, and students.
* Emphasis on memorization and recitation: While critical thinking is important, a traditional model often prioritizes memorization and the ability to recall information.
It's important to note that the definition of "traditional" can be fluid and vary depending on the context and time period. What was considered traditional 50 years ago might differ from what's considered traditional today. Many schools now incorporate elements of progressive education, such as project-based learning and individualized instruction, even while maintaining core aspects of a traditional structure. The term "traditional" is often used in contrast to alternative school models like Montessori, Waldorf, or unschooling.