* Political Control and Participation: Many states have used literacy tests to restrict voting rights, particularly targeting specific groups like African Americans in the post-Reconstruction South and immigrants in various countries. The aim was to maintain the political power of the dominant group by disenfranchising those deemed "unfit" based on their lack of literacy.
* Social Cohesion and National Identity: In some cases, literacy requirements were intended to foster a sense of national unity and shared culture. By promoting widespread literacy, governments hoped to create a more informed and engaged citizenry, able to participate in national life and understand important information disseminated by the state.
* Economic Development: A literate workforce is generally more productive and adaptable to new technologies. Literacy requirements for certain jobs, or the promotion of literacy among the population as a whole, were aimed at boosting economic growth and competitiveness.
* Religious Purposes: Historically, literacy was often linked to religious instruction and understanding scripture. The ability to read the Bible, for example, was considered essential for personal piety and religious participation in many Christian communities. Similarly, literacy played a role in other religions, facilitating access to sacred texts and religious education.
* Moral Improvement: Some proponents of literacy education believed it fostered moral character and responsible citizenship. The idea was that access to information and knowledge would lead to better decision-making and a reduction in crime and social problems.
It's crucial to note that the *stated* aims of literacy requirements often differed significantly from their *actual* effect. While officially intended to improve society, they frequently served as tools of social control and discrimination. The history of literacy requirements is complex and needs to be examined with awareness of its potential to mask discriminatory practices.