* Agoge (ἀγωγή): This was the core of Spartan education, a state-sponsored program that began around age seven and continued until a young man (or *perioikos*, a non-citizen) reached his early twenties. It was highly structured and focused on developing physical strength, military skills, and unwavering obedience.
* Physical Training: The Agoge emphasized strenuous physical training from a young age. This included running, wrestling, jumping, discus throwing, and other athletic exercises designed to build strength and endurance. Spartan boys were encouraged to endure hardship and pain, fostering resilience and stoicism.
* Military Training: Military training was integrated into the Agoge from the start. Boys learned the use of weapons, strategy, and tactics. They participated in drills and mock battles, preparing them for their future roles as soldiers.
* Limited Education: Formal education in reading, writing, and music was minimal compared to other Greek city-states. The focus was primarily on practical skills and military prowess. While some literacy was taught, it served primarily functional purposes, such as recording military orders or keeping track of resources. Music was included, but focused on disciplined choral singing rather than artistic expression.
* Strict Discipline and Obedience: The Agoge instilled strict discipline and unquestioning obedience to authority. Boys lived in barracks under the supervision of older boys and officials, facing harsh punishments for any infraction. They were regularly subjected to physical and mental challenges to test their limits and build their resilience.
* Stealth and Survival: Spartans trained in stealth and survival skills, learning to forage, navigate, and adapt to challenging environments. This prepared them for extended military campaigns and other potentially hazardous situations.
* Krypteia (κρυπτεία): This secretive institution involved older Spartan boys undertaking secret missions, acting as a form of police and military intelligence gathering. They were expected to eliminate helots (state-owned serfs) who posed a threat. The exact nature and extent of the Krypteia remain debated by historians.
Key differences from other Greek systems:
Unlike Athens, where education emphasized intellectual pursuits and philosophical discourse, Sparta's education system prioritized physical prowess, military skill, and unwavering loyalty to the state. This created a unique culture heavily focused on collective identity and military dominance. It's also important to note that the Agoge didn't apply equally to all members of Spartan society; perioeci and helots received far less structured or extensive education.