1. Identifying: Recognizing the need for information and being able to clearly define the information required. This involves formulating effective search terms and understanding the scope of the information need.
2. Finding: Locating relevant information effectively and efficiently using appropriate search strategies and resources (databases, libraries, the internet, etc.).
3. Evaluating: Critically assessing the credibility, authority, accuracy, relevance, purpose, and bias of information sources. This is crucial for distinguishing credible information from misinformation or disinformation.
4. Applying: Using information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose, whether that's writing a research paper, solving a problem, or making a decision. This includes synthesizing information from multiple sources.
5. Acknowledging: Understanding and correctly citing sources to avoid plagiarism and give credit where it's due. This encompasses ethical considerations and intellectual property rights.
While other models might use slightly different terminology or group these elements differently, these five core components represent the essential skills needed for effective information literacy.