* Grammar: They are Verb-Subject-Object (VSO) languages, meaning the verb typically comes before the subject and object in a sentence. They have complex verb conjugations, with distinctions based on tense, mood, aspect, and person. Nouns have grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, sometimes neuter), and declensions based on case (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, vocative). They utilize prepositions extensively.
* Vocabulary: While sharing a core of cognates (words with shared ancestry), their vocabularies have been influenced by different languages throughout history. Irish has absorbed many words from English, while Scottish Gaelic has taken words from both English and Norse. Manx, having been a smaller language community, shows more influence from English. They retain many archaic words and concepts not present in modern English.
* Literature and Oral Tradition: A rich body of literature and oral tradition exists in each language. This includes ancient myths and legends, poetry (both classical forms and modern), prose, songs, and storytelling traditions. These traditions are vital to the preservation and transmission of cultural identity.
* Cultural Significance: The Gaelic languages are not just linguistic tools; they're deeply intertwined with the cultural identities of Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man. They are a key element of national and regional pride, used in music, song, dance, and religious observance. Their revival and preservation are often seen as crucial for maintaining unique cultural heritage.
* Dialects: Within each Gaelic language, there's significant dialectal variation, reflecting geographic and historical influences. Understanding a speaker from one region might prove challenging for someone from another, even within the same language.
In summary, "what's in the Gaelic languages" isn't just words and grammar; it's a vibrant tapestry of culture, history, and identity. They represent living links to a rich past and a commitment to preserving linguistic and cultural diversity.