Empty words: These are words that have no clear meaning and are used simply to sound impressive or to avoid saying anything specific. For example, "liberty," "democracy," and "progress" are all empty words that can mean different things to different people.
Euphemisms: These are words that are used to make something sound more pleasant or less offensive than it actually is. For example, "collateral damage" is a euphemism for civilian deaths, and "enhanced interrogation techniques" is a euphemism for torture.
Doublespeak: This is the use of language in a way that is deliberately confusing or contradictory. For example, the phrase "the war on terror" is a double speak because it suggests that terrorism is a war when it is actually a complex political and social issue.
Orwell argues that these linguistic tricks are used by politicians and other powerful people to manipulate public opinion and to justify their actions. By making lies sound truthful and murder respectable, political language gives people a false sense of security and understanding, and it makes it easier for them to accept unjust or harmful policies.
Orwell concludes his essay by calling for a return to clear, honest, and straightforward language in politics. He argues that only by using language in this way can we hope to resist the forces of propaganda and manipulation, and to build a more just and democratic society.