Fact families are related numbers that form basic facts. For example, the numbers 2, 4 and 6 are used interchangeably for addition and subtraction facts. The numbers 5, 6 and 30 are used to formulate related multiplication and division facts. Fact family lessons help students develop fluency in recalling basic facts in a timely manner. Counters can be used to model the related addition and subtraction facts. Examples of useful graphics include an image of a house to place the related family members. Rectangular arrays can be used to model related multiplication and division facts.
Measurement is used to determine a physical trait of an object, such as length or weight. Metric measurement is based on the powers of 10 and is easier for students to work with. Practical applications of measurement provide a challenging way for students to develop accurate measurement skills. Create a metric contest for the class to participate in. Students can compete for medals in physical events. Using meter sticks, students can determine the longest toothpick throw. Using metric weights, students can determine the greatest amount of grams grabbed by one hand.
Students in the elementary grades investigate geometric properties by describing, comparing and classifying attributes. The study of geometry is enhanced by construction of geometric objects, such as lines and angles. Use straws or sticks to help the students construct examples of acute, right, obtuse and straight angles. Students can search for real-world examples of angles in everyday objects such as clocks. Based on the position of the two hands on a clock, students can create a list of times that form each type of angle.
Graphs are visual displays of data providing real-world information. Bar graphs are used in the elementary grades to develop an understanding of how to organize and represent data from a sample population. Investigations using student data provide students with an opportunity to collect and represent their own information. Survey ideas include students' favorite color, favorite ice cream flavor and number of family members. While constructing graphs, students develop an understanding of scaling, headings and titles.