1. Unity:
* Single controlling idea: A well-developed paragraph focuses on a single, central idea. All sentences within the paragraph should directly support and elaborate on this main idea. Any sentences that stray from the topic should be removed or placed in a different paragraph.
* Clear topic sentence (often, but not always): While not mandatory in every style, a topic sentence usually introduces the main idea of the paragraph, often at the beginning. This sentence acts as a roadmap for the reader.
2. Coherence:
* Logical order: Sentences should flow logically from one to the next, creating a smooth progression of thought. This can be achieved through various techniques like chronological order, spatial order, order of importance, or cause-and-effect.
* Transitions: Words, phrases, or sentences that connect ideas and show the relationship between sentences and paragraphs (e.g., however, furthermore, in addition, consequently, therefore). Transitions ensure a seamless flow of ideas.
* Repetition of key words and pronouns: Repeating key words or using pronouns to refer back to previously mentioned ideas helps to create links between sentences and maintain focus on the central idea.
* Parallel structure: Using similar grammatical structures for similar ideas enhances readability and coherence.
3. Development/Elaboration:
* Sufficient detail: A paragraph isn't just a collection of sentences; it needs sufficient detail to fully explain and support its main idea. This can be achieved through various methods:
* Examples: Illustrating the main point with specific instances.
* Facts and statistics: Providing objective data to support the claim.
* Reasons/explanations: Offering logical justifications for the main idea.
* Anecdotes: Sharing brief stories to make the point relatable.
* Descriptions: Painting a vivid picture using sensory details.
* Comparisons and contrasts: Showing similarities and differences to clarify the main idea.
* Definitions: Explaining key terms.
4. Adequate Length:
* Appropriate length: A paragraph should be long enough to fully develop its main idea but not so long that it becomes unwieldy or loses focus. The ideal length varies depending on the context and writing style, but generally, a paragraph should be more than one sentence.
5. Emphasis:
* Strategic placement: The most important information might be placed at the beginning (for emphasis) or at the end (for a strong conclusion).
* Sentence structure: Varying sentence length and structure can create emphasis on key ideas.
By adhering to these principles, writers can craft paragraphs that are clear, concise, engaging, and effectively communicate their intended message. Remember that these principles are interconnected; a unified paragraph will be more coherent, and a well-developed paragraph will naturally possess emphasis.