* Subjects and Courses: Specific subjects like mathematics, science, English language arts, history, social studies, foreign languages, art, music, physical education, and technology. The specific subjects and their depth of coverage vary by grade level, school type (elementary, middle, high school), and educational system (e.g., national standards vs. state standards).
* Learning Objectives and Standards: These define what students are expected to know and be able to do upon completion of a course or grade level. They often specify measurable outcomes and skills. Examples include being able to solve quadratic equations in math or write a persuasive essay in English.
* Assessment Methods: How student learning is measured. This includes tests, quizzes, projects, presentations, essays, and other forms of evaluation designed to determine mastery of the learning objectives.
* Teaching Materials: Textbooks, workbooks, online resources, and other materials used to deliver instruction.
It's important to distinguish the formal curriculum from the informal curriculum (unintentional learning that happens in the school environment) and the hidden curriculum (unspoken norms, values, and beliefs transmitted through the school's culture and practices). The formal curriculum is the deliberate, explicit plan for what students will learn.