Almost all English learners encounter at least three types of problems: challenges with pronunciation (some people are never able to master certain sounds); issues with vocabulary (most people can add to their English vocabulary with study and practice); and grammar, including challenges with situational grammar, such as workplace English versus slang.
Errors in learning English challenge students, but they typically learn from their mistakes and progress. However, if English-language learners feel intimidated, embarrassed or judged, their affective filter can inhibit their ability to absorb new information and produce English. Teachers of English as a second language and English as a foreign language typically refrain from providing an overload of corrective feedback so that students feel more comfortable expressing themselves in English, even if it is not perfect.
English-language learners may enter a class or an immersion situation in a state of shock. Teachers as well as students may feel surprised that many seem unable to do more than repeat the most basic phrases. This experience is the initial phase of learning a language, called the silent period. During this time, which may last only a few days or up to a few weeks, students receive and absorb language but are often unable to speak or write it.
Learning English requires different techniques for different types of learners. Some people require more time to reflect on concepts before diving into dialogs and presentations. Others need to speak to reinforce new information. For some people, kinesthetic activities such as dance, clapping and physical movements can shift information from short-term memory to long-term memory. Music, rhymes, chants, poems and games provide additional reinforcement.
One of the primary challenges for someone learning English concerns lack of a proper model for speaking. Whenever possible, students should listen to native English speakers engaging in conversation or teaching concepts. This practice sharpens students' ears to unique rhythms and pronunciation of English and can provide insight into more abstract and advanced English, such as phrasal verbs and slang.