For the Elite:
* Classical Education: The primary aim for the wealthy and aristocratic classes was a classical education focusing on Latin, Greek, rhetoric, logic, and sometimes mathematics. This was intended to cultivate intellectual virtue, prepare for leadership roles in government and the church, and instill refined manners and social graces. The goal wasn't necessarily vocational training but rather the development of a well-rounded, cultivated individual capable of reasoned discourse and effective public life.
* Religious Instruction: Regardless of specific denomination, religious instruction was central to the education of the elite, aiming to instill piety, moral behavior, and a proper understanding of God's place in the world. This often involved memorization of scripture and catechisms.
For the Common People:
* Basic Literacy and Numeracy: The aim was far more practical. For those who received any formal education at all (which was not guaranteed), the focus was on basic literacy and numeracy sufficient for daily life, such as reading the Bible, keeping simple accounts, and performing basic trades.
* Vocational Training: Apprenticeships were the most common form of education for the lower classes. The primary aim was to acquire the skills necessary for a specific trade, enabling economic survival and contributing to the overall societal structure.
* Religious Instruction: Similar to the elite, religious instruction was often a significant component, though the approach might have been simpler and less focused on intellectual debate.
Overall, several common underlying aims can be identified:
* Social Reproduction: Education, particularly for the elite, served to reinforce existing social hierarchies. It prepared the wealthy for their continued positions of power and influence.
* Moral and Religious Development: Regardless of social class, instilling moral virtue and religious faith were central aims. Education was seen as a tool for shaping character and behavior.
* Preparation for Adult Roles: Education, whatever its form, aimed to prepare individuals for their designated roles in society, whether that be governing, working a trade, or raising a family.
It's important to note that access to education was extremely limited before 1800. For the vast majority of people, especially women and the lower classes, formal education was either nonexistent or very rudimentary. The aims described above largely reflect the aspirations of those who *did* receive some form of education, with significant disparities between the privileged and the less fortunate.