* Socioeconomic status: Throughout history, and still today, wealth has been a major determinant of access to education. Poorer families often cannot afford tuition, books, supplies, or even the opportunity cost of a child's labor.
* Geography: Access to schools varies greatly depending on location. Rural areas, conflict zones, and developing countries often lack adequate educational facilities.
* Gender: Historically, and in some parts of the world still today, girls and women face significant barriers to education. Cultural norms, societal expectations, and lack of opportunities specifically for girls have limited their access.
* Race and ethnicity: Systemic racism and discrimination have historically and continue to create unequal access to quality education for marginalized racial and ethnic groups.
* Disability: Students with disabilities often face barriers to accessing appropriate and inclusive education.
* Legal and political systems: Governments play a crucial role in determining the availability and accessibility of education. Policies, funding, and enforcement of laws all impact access.
While many countries have made significant strides towards providing free or subsidized education at certain levels (e.g., primary education), true universal access remains a global goal yet to be achieved. Even in countries with free public education, inequalities persist in the quality of education received based on the factors listed above.