Similarities (few and limited):
* Physical training: Both cultures emphasized physical fitness, though the *nature* of that training differed significantly. Both involved some form of military drill or exercises.
* Basic literacy: Both societies taught at least some basic reading and writing, although the extent and emphasis varied considerably.
Differences (many and significant):
| Feature | Athenian Education | Spartan Education |
|-----------------|---------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------|
| Goal | To create well-rounded citizens, capable of participating in government, arts, and intellectual pursuits. Emphasis on rhetoric, philosophy, and the arts. | To create strong, disciplined soldiers completely loyal to the state. Emphasis on military prowess and obedience. |
| Curriculum | Grammar, literature, poetry, music, mathematics, rhetoric, philosophy, athletics (to a lesser extent than Sparta). Focus on intellectual and artistic development. | Military training (from age 7), physical conditioning, basic literacy and numeracy (minimal), obedience, endurance, and survival skills. |
| Pedagogy | Teaching through dialogue, discussion, and mentorship. Emphasis on critical thinking and individual expression (though limited by social class). | Harsh discipline, physical punishment, constant drills, and a highly competitive environment designed to weed out the weak. |
| Socialization | Emphasis on participation in democratic processes and engagement with the broader society. | Complete submersion in the military structure (agoge) and separation from families at a young age. Collectivist and intensely competitive. |
| Arts & Culture | High value placed on arts, literature, and intellectual pursuits. The education system fostered the development of great thinkers, writers, and artists. | Arts and culture were largely neglected. The pursuit of knowledge was secondary to military preparedness. |
| Women's Education | While significantly limited, Athenian women from upper classes received some education in music, literature, and domestic arts. | Spartan women had a more active role in society and received some physical training to ensure they bore strong children. However, formal education was minimal. |
In essence, Athenian education aimed for individual excellence and participation in a democratic society, while Spartan education aimed for collective strength and absolute obedience to the state. The contrasting approaches reflect the fundamental differences in the values and political systems of Athens and Sparta.