Rise of City-States: This period saw the emergence of independent city-states, each with its own government, laws, and culture. Famous examples include Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and Corinth.
Development of Greek Identity: The Hellenic Age saw the development of a shared Greek identity, marked by a common language, mythology, and religion. This sense of unity was furthered by the Panhellenic Games, religious festivals that united Greeks from different city-states.
Flourishing of Art and Culture: The period witnessed a flourishing of art, literature, and philosophy. Key developments include:
* Homeric Epics: The poems of Homer, the *Iliad* and the *Odyssey*, are among the most enduring works of Greek literature.
* Development of Greek Philosophy: The foundations of Western philosophy were laid by thinkers like Thales, Anaximander, and Pythagoras.
* Classical Sculpture and Architecture: The iconic sculptures of the Archaic period, like the Kouros statues, paved the way for the masterpieces of the later Classical period.
Expansion and Colonization: Greeks began to establish colonies across the Mediterranean, spreading their culture and influence.
The Rise of Democracy: In Athens, the development of democratic institutions, led by figures like Cleisthenes, marked a significant shift in Greek politics.
Religious Practices: The Olympian gods, like Zeus, Hera, and Poseidon, were central to Greek religion. Festivals and sacrifices played an important role in religious life.
Military Innovation: This period saw the development of the phalanx, a powerful infantry formation that proved highly effective in battle.
Key Events:
* Persian Wars: The Greek city-states united to defend themselves against the invading Persian Empire in the 5th century BC.
* Peloponnesian War: A conflict between Athens and Sparta, which ultimately led to the weakening of Greek power.
Significance:
The Hellenic Age is a pivotal period in the development of Western civilization. Its lasting influence can be seen in its art, literature, philosophy, and political thought, which continue to shape our understanding of the world today.