Financial Accounting
Topic 1: Introduction to Financial Accounting
- Financial accounting: concept, objectives, and scope
- Users of financial statements
- Qualitative characteristics of financial statements
Topic 2: Accounting Concepts and Conventions
- Accounting concepts: entity, going concern, consistency, materiality, objectivity
- Accounting conventions: cost, revenue recognition, matching, disclosure
Topic 3: Journalizing and Posting
- Journalizing transactions
- Posting from journal to ledger
- Trial balance
Topic 4: Bank Reconciliation Statement
- Concept and importance of bank reconciliation statement
- Preparation of bank reconciliation statement
Topic 5: Depreciation, Depletion, and Amortization
- Meaning and methods of depreciation
- Depletion and amortization
- Recording depreciation, depletion, and amortization
Topic 6: Inventory Valuation
- Methods of inventory valuation: FIFO, LIFO, weighted average cost, specific identification
- Inventory errors and their impact on financial statements
Topic 7: Final Accounts
- Preparation of trading account, profit and loss account, and balance sheet
- Closing entries
Business Laws
Topic 1: Introduction to Business Laws
- Concept and sources of business laws
- Objectives and importance of business laws
Topic 2: The Indian Contract Act, 1872
- Formation of contract
- Essential elements of a valid contract
- Classification of contracts
- Discharge of contracts
- Remedies for breach of contract
Topic 3: The Sale of Goods Act, 1930
- Formation of a contract of sale
- Rights and duties of buyer and seller
- Performance of the contract of sale
- Unpaid seller’s rights
Topic 4: The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
- Types of negotiable instruments
- Negotiation of negotiable instruments
- Rights and liabilities of parties to a negotiable instrument
- Dishonour of negotiable instruments
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Topic 5: The Partnership Act, 1932**
- Formation of partnership
- Types of partners
- Rights and duties of partners
- Dissolution of partnership
Topic 6: The Companies Act, 2013
- Types of companies
- Formation of a company
- Memorandum of association and articles of association
- Shares and shareholders
- Directors and their powers
Microeconomics
Topic 1: Introduction to Microeconomics
- Concept and scope of microeconomics
- Basic economic problems: scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost
- Production possibility frontier
Topic 2: Theory of Demand and Supply
- Demand: definition, determinants, and law of demand
- Supply: definition, determinants, and law of supply
- Market equilibrium
Topic 3: Elasticity
- Price elasticity of demand and supply
- Income elasticity of demand
- Cross elasticity of demand
Topic 4: Production and Cost
- Factors of production
- Production function and law of diminishing returns
- Cost of production: short-run and long-run
Topic 5: Perfect Competition
- Features of perfect competition
- Equilibrium of a firm under perfect competition
- Short-run and long-run supply curves
Topic 6: Monopoly
- Features of monopoly
- Equilibrium of a firm under monopoly
- Welfare effects of monopoly
Topic 7: Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
- Features of monopolistic competition
- Equilibrium of a firm under monopolistic competition
- Features of oligopoly
- Equilibrium of a firm under oligopoly
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Macroeconomics**
Topic 1: Introduction to Macroeconomics
- Concept and scope of macroeconomics
- National income accounting
- Measurement of national income
Topic 2: Theories of Employment
- Classical theory of employment
- Keynesian theory of employment
- Neoclassical synthesis
Topic 3: Inflation and Unemployment
- Causes and consequences of inflation
- Types of unemployment
- Relationship between inflation and unemployment (Phillips curve)
Topic 4: Monetary Policy
- Objectives of monetary policy
- Instruments of monetary policy
- Effectiveness of monetary policy
Topic 5: Fiscal Policy
- Objectives of fiscal policy
- Instruments of fiscal policy
- Effectiveness of fiscal policy
Topic 6: International Trade
- Theories of international trade (comparative advantage)
- Free trade vs. protectionism
- Balance of payments
Business Mathematics and Statistics
Topic 1: Basic Mathematics
- Algebra
- Geometry
- Trigonometry
Topic 2: Statistics
- Descriptive statistics
- Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode)
- Measures of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation)
- Probability distributions (normal distribution and binomial distribution)
- Sampling techniques
Business Communication
Topic 1: Introduction to Business Communication
- Importance of communication in business
- Elements of the communication process
- Barriers to effective communication
Topic 2: Written Communication
- Types of business letters
- Writing effective emails and reports
- Resume writing
Topic 3: Oral Communication
- Effective public speaking
- Interview techniques
- Presentation skills
Topic 4: Nonverbal Communication
- Body language
- Gestures
- Facial expressions
Computer Applications in Business
- Introduction to computers and their use in business
- Word processing
- Spreadsheets
- Presentation software
- Database management systems