Spanish has three digraphs: "ll," "rr" and "ch," all three of which used to be actual letters in Spanish, but have been excluded from the alphabet and given the term "digraph" instead. To refer to them by name, "ll" is called "elle," pronounced "ey-yay"; "rr" is "erre," pronounced by trilling the tongue with a vibrating motion and saying "air-ray"; "ch" is named "che," pronounced "chay," although in some Spanish speaking countries, as well as in parts of southern Spain, it is pronounced like the English "sh."
Spanish has one letter that is foreign to English and to most other languages, which is "ñ." Its name is "eñe," pronounced "en-yeh"; within a word, the "ñ" is pronounced with a nasal sound, such as the "gn" digraph in the word "lasagna." The squiggly line on top of the "ñ" is known as a tilde. The "ñ" is considered its own letter in Spanish, meaning it is not just an accented consonant; in dictionaries, words starting with "ñ," although few, are found after words starting with a regular "n." Apart from Spanish, "ñ" also exists in other languages, such as Galician and Asturian, which are both languages native to Spain.
In Spanish, the letters "B" (named "be") and "V" (named "uve" in Spain; "ve" in Latin America) are both pronounced like the "B" in the word "boy," which is known in linguistics as a voiced bilabial stop. The sound is made by touching the lips together. The English "V" sound, made by resting the front teeth on the bottom lip and making a vibrating sound, does not exist in Spanish. Some Spanish speakers pronounce the two letters differently, as in English, but according to the Real Academia Española, the governing body of the Spanish language, "[the pronunciation of the letter 'V'] is the same as the letter 'B' in all Spanish-speaking countries." The separation of these two sounds is thought to be due to English influence.
The Spanish "R" has two possible pronunciations and one of them produces a sound that is foreign to English. This sound is made by using a voiced tongue movement known as a trill, done by forcing the tongue to perform rapid vibration movements, or flaps, by expelling air. This pronunciation of the "R" is used in four situations: when a word begins with an "R," when a word ends with an "R," when the digraph "RR" appears (such as in the Spanish word "perro") and when an "R" begins a syllable after a syllable that ended in a consonant, such as in the word "subrayar." The second pronunciation of the Spanish "R" is made by propelling the tongue towards the two front teeth, either missing them slightly or lightly tapping them. The same sound is made in the English digraphs "tt" and "dd," such as "Betty" and "ladder." This pronunciation is used when an "R" is in an intervocalic position, meaning between two vowels, such as the words "para," "caro" and "paro."