* A single, focused topic sentence: This sentence clearly states the main idea of the paragraph and acts as a roadmap for the reader. It typically appears at the beginning, but can sometimes be placed strategically elsewhere for effect.
* Supporting evidence and analysis: The remainder of the paragraph provides evidence (data, examples, quotations, statistics) to support the topic sentence. This evidence is not simply presented; it's carefully analyzed and explained to show its relevance to the main argument.
* Logical organization and coherence: Sentences are arranged in a logical sequence, often chronologically, spatially, or by order of importance. Transitions and connective words (e.g., however, furthermore, therefore) ensure smooth flow and clear relationships between ideas.
* Formal tone and style: Academic writing avoids colloquialisms, contractions, and informal language. The language is precise, objective, and avoids emotional or subjective statements.
* Proper citation and attribution: Any external sources used to support the claims must be properly cited according to a specific citation style (e.g., MLA, APA, Chicago). This demonstrates academic honesty and allows readers to verify the information.
* Conciseness and clarity: Academic paragraphs avoid unnecessary words or jargon, ensuring that the ideas are communicated clearly and efficiently.
In essence, an academic paragraph is a miniature argument supporting a larger thesis or research question. Each paragraph contributes incrementally to the overall argument of the paper.