1. Clear Separation of Research Participation and Academic Requirements:
* No linkage: Participation in research should *never* be tied to grades, course credit, graduation requirements, recommendations, or other academic benefits or penalties. Students must understand that their academic standing will not be affected by their decision to participate or not.
* Separate evaluation: If a student chooses to participate, the research participation should be evaluated entirely separately from any academic work. The instructor should not be involved in the evaluation of the research data that the student provides.
* Alternative assignments: Offer alternative, comparable assignments or projects for students who don't want to participate in research. These alternatives should carry equal weight and opportunity for learning.
2. Informed Consent Procedures:
* Detailed information: Provide a clear, concise, and understandable explanation of the research purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and confidentiality protections. Use language appropriate for the student population.
* Voluntary participation: Explicitly emphasize the voluntary nature of participation; repeatedly highlight that students are free to decline or withdraw at any point without penalty.
* Consent form: Use a written consent form that clearly outlines all the above points and is signed and dated by the student. This should be separate from any course enrollment or other academic paperwork.
* Avoid undue influence: Don't pressure students into participating. Avoid using persuasive language or creating an environment where students feel they *must* participate to maintain a good relationship with the instructor.
3. Institutional Review Board (IRB) Oversight:
* Submit proposals: All research involving human subjects, including students, must be reviewed and approved by the institution's IRB. The IRB assesses the research plan for ethical compliance, including the prevention of coercion.
* Follow IRB guidelines: Adhere strictly to all IRB-approved procedures and protocols.
* Report any concerns: Report any potential coercion or ethical violations to the IRB immediately.
4. Transparency and Open Communication:
* Open discussion: Create an open dialogue with students about the research project. Answer all their questions honestly and thoroughly.
* Availability of information: Make information about the research readily available and accessible to students.
* Confidentiality: Ensure the confidentiality of student data and responses. Explain how data will be stored and protected.
5. Utilizing Independent Researchers:
* For sensitive topics or where the possibility of perceived coercion is high, consider using a researcher external to the institution or the student's department to collect data. This reduces the possibility of real or perceived pressure on the student.
By following these guidelines, faculty researchers can minimize the risk of coercion and ensure that students participate in research freely and ethically. Remember that the burden of ensuring ethical conduct rests squarely with the researcher.