1. Mechanical Properties: These properties relate to the behavior of materials under the action of forces. They include:
- Tensile strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand when pulled before it breaks.
- Compressive strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand when compressed before it fails.
- Shear strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand when forces act parallel to the material's surface.
- Hardness: The resistance of a material to permanent deformation.
- Elasticity: The ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation.
2. Thermal Properties: These properties describe the behavior of materials in response to changes in temperature. They include:
- Melting point: The temperature at which a solid material transitions to a liquid state.
- Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid material transitions to a gaseous state.
- Specific heat capacity: The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a material by one degree Celsius.
- Thermal conductivity: The ability of a material to transfer heat through its structure.
3. Electrical Properties: These properties relate to the behavior of materials in response to electric fields and currents. They include:
- Conductivity: The ability of a material to allow the flow of electric current.
- Resistivity: The measure of a material's resistance to the flow of electric current.
- Dielectric strength: The maximum electric field strength that a material can withstand without breaking down and allowing current to flow.
4. Magnetic Properties: These properties describe the behavior of materials in response to magnetic fields. They include:
- Permeability: The ability of a material to be magnetized when placed in a magnetic field.
- Remanence: The amount of magnetization that remains in a material after the removal of an external magnetic field.
5. Optical Properties: These properties relate to the interaction of materials with light. They include:
- Refractive index: The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material.
- Reflection: The proportion of light that is reflected from a surface.
- Transmission: The proportion of light that passes through a material.
- Absorption: The proportion of light that is absorbed by a material.
These are just a few examples of technical properties that are commonly used to characterize and evaluate materials. Depending on the specific application or industry, additional properties such as chemical resistance, wear resistance, flammability, and biocompatibility may also be important.