Explain that it arguments about politics, history, science, literature, current events and other topics should not be taken personally. Many students are hesitant to get involved in intellectual discussions because they take differences in opinion to heart. This is natural, since many people's viewpoints are deeply held and come from experiences that changed their perspectives forever. However, the point of intellectual conflict is to use reasonable debate to broaden one's perspective and to and build upon it.
Encourage differences in opinion. Encouraging divergent opinions can cause the students who are afraid to express their true feelings because of their diverse viewpoints. Oftentimes, the consensus on a particular issue can stand to be challenged by someone with a different perspective. Challenge the status quo and encourage everybody to express what they really think about the issue.
Explore the constructive value. Intellectual conflict is constructive because of the complexity of many issues that are debated. There may not be a right or wrong answer to a certain question, but there often is a more educated, informed perspective. Explaining how many people can completely change their viewpoint after having heard from many different sources will highlight the value of intellectual conflict.
Focus on constructive criticism. Explain that empty criticism is cheap, but constructive criticism considers the value of a person's opinion while pointing out potential problems in the perspective. Furthermore, constructive criticism builds on an already valuable viewpoint that can be more effective with just a little modification.
Explain that everybody's contribution to discussion is valuable. Encourage students about the fact that the more participation from everyone in the class, the more informed everyone will be. Different students bring with them different experiences and perspectives that are all worthwhile in building an educated perspective on any issue.