How to Find the Equation of the Plane Tangent to the Surface

A tangent plane represents the slope of a surface in any direction. Like walking on the side of a hill, the direction you choose will determine the steepness of your path. One practical application for tangent planes is linear approximation. The points on the plane near the point of tangency will be approximately equal to corresponding points on the curved surface. However, the equation for the plane is usually much easier to work with than that of the surface, so working with approximate values often makes more sense.

Instructions

    • 1

      Find the partial derivatives with respect to x, y and z of the surface's equation. For example, given the equation z^2 + 2xy - 3y^2 = 4, fx = 2y, fy = 2x - 6y and fz = 2z, where fx, fy and fz are the partial derivatives with respect to x, y and z, respectively.

    • 2

      Evaluate each of the partial derivatives for the point where the plane is tangent. For example, given the point (-1, 0, 2), fx = 2*0 = 0, fy = 2*(-1) - 6*0 = -2 and fz = 2*2 = 4. These values also correspond to the gradient vector at the given point: (0, -2, 4).

    • 3

      Plug the values into the formula fx*(x - h) + fy*(y - k) + fz*(z - l) = 0, where h, k and l are the coordinates of the given point. For example, 0*(x - (-1)) + -2*(y - 0) + 4*(z - 2) = 0. That simplifies to z = y/2 + 2.

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