Deontological thought is the idea that the means can justify the ends. It is a duty-based assumption that upholds the existence of universal morality, moral ideas that are universally true for all people and in all cases. Deontological thought suggests that you make your moral decisions based on universal principles. For instance, you believe that truth is a universally good idea and test it by asking if you believe that everyone should practice truth, does truth abuse human life through its practice, and would you like truth to be a universal law.
Teleological thought suggests that the ends can justify the means. It is an outcome-based assumption that holds to the principle that every moral decision should be based on your goal to provide the maximum possible good to the most people. As an example, you may be trying to decide whether to recycle items in your home and ask yourself how much trouble would recycling be for you and your family. Then you compare that trouble with the potential good for your family and the world if you did start recycling. If, after careful evaluation, you determine that the overall potential good is greater than your reasonable suffering, the moral decision is to begin recycling items in your home.
Deduction is a logical process that moves from general ideas to a specific point. You require at least two general points of information, but more points ensure the justification of your solution. Deduction allows you to compare your general points and discern what logical solutions are available from the given information. For instance, you may believe that hurting other people is wrong and that stealing from people is harmful to them. Your deductive solution is that it would be wrong for you to steal the candy bar in your hand because it would do harm to another person.
Induction is the logical process that moves from the specific to the general. Honest induction requires a considerable amount of information gathering to arrive at an accurate answer. Induction with poor or scarce information provides a weak foundation for an answer. As an example, you noticed that yesterday Tom was depressed about his lack of money, but Tom is much happier today and he is inviting you out for lunch. Your inductive solution is that Tom got some money. Avoid inducting too much from limited information, such as assuming that Tom did something illegal or assuming that Tom got a job.