The Thomas Precession in Physics

Discovered in 1926 by the Danish Physicist Llewellyn Thomas (1903-1992), the Thomas Precession is a correction or refinement of a part of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity (1905). Precession refers to a predictable change in the rotational axis of a sphere. Many spheres in nature do not rotate in an unchanging way. The Thomas Precession relates to the changing but predictable electron rotation around an atom's nucleus (Einstein had just proved the existence of atoms), but the term, precession, can also refer to larger spheres.
  1. Planetary Precession

    • The movement of an object sitting on the equator, like an electron spinning, describes a rotational axis.

      The Earth's equator, for instance, wobbles (or changes) in a predictable way -- the rotational axis moves; after 26,000 years, it returns to where it started. This is sometimes known as the "precession of the equator."

    Special and General Theories of Relativity

    • Einstein was at the center of explanations of atomic behavior at the turn of the century.

      While Einstein's General Theory of Relativity includes gravity, his Special Theory does not. Gravity does not affect something as small as an atom, and the Thomas Precession, which describes atomic behavior, therefore falls under Einstein's Special Theory.

    Two Observers in the Lorentz Transformation

    • Synchronized clocks moving through space at different speeds will no longer be synchronized if they meet again.

      According to the Lorentz Transformation (developed by Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz in 1905, a few months before Einstein's Special Theory), two observers in different locations moving at different velocities will see the same events happening at different times and distances; this is because space-time must curve in order to accommodate the speed of light remaining a constant for both observers. The Lorentz Transformation therefore supersedes the old Newtonian physics of an absolute space and time. This idea became critical to Einstein's principle of relativity. The Lorentz Transformation does not apply to speeds far lower than the speed of light; there, Newtonian physics (which do not confound a human observer's common sense) still apply.

    The Thomas Precession

    • An electron spins around the nucleus of an atom.

      Say that you place two observers into an atom, one on the electron, one on the nucleus. The electron is moving at speeds far greater than the nucleus. Therefore one observer will be moving through time faster than the other observer. This is called time dilation. The rotational axis (the plain circumscribed by a rotating body) of the electron for the observer sitting on that electron will therefore look different than the electron's rotational axis does from the point of view of the observer stationed on the nucleus. This is the Thomas Precession, and it can be calculated mathematically from the point of view of either observer, to take into account the difference caused by the time dilation. The quantum-mechanical location of an electron cannot be determined accurately without it.

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