It emphasizes practicality and the acknowledgment that political behavior and decision-making are inherently pragmatic and grounded in self-interest rather than abstract moral or philosophical principles.
Here are some key characteristics and features of the Realist Age:
1. Rejection of Idealism: The Realists rejected the optimistic view of human nature and progress popularized during the Enlightenment. They argued that people are inherently selfish and motivated by power, and that political behavior should be understood based on these realistic assumptions rather than ideals like justice, morality, or universal progress.
2. Power Politics: Realist thinkers emphasized the centrality of power in international relations. They argued that nation-states are the primary actors in the international arena, and their actions are largely determined by their pursuit of power and national interest.
3. Balance of Power: The concept of balance of power was a central tenet of Realism. Realists argued that, in the absence of a supranational authority to enforce international law and order, states seek to balance against the most powerful country or alliance to maintain their own independence and security.
4. Realpolitik: Realpolitik, or "politics of reality," is a term associated with Realism. It emphasizes the practical considerations and necessity in political decision-making, often prioritizing national interest and survival above moral or ethical concerns.
5. Thucydides' Influence: The writings of the ancient Greek historian Thucydides, particularly his account of the Peloponnesian War, greatly influenced Realists. Realists drew from his concept of "the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must" to explain the power dynamics and clashes of interests among states.
6. Hans Morgenthau and Political Realism: Hans Morgenthau is considered one of the most prominent Realist theorists. His work, such as "Politics Among Nations," laid the foundation for classical Realism and argued that the primary goal of nation-states is to maintain their power and security in the international system.
7. Critique of Idealism and International Organizations: Realists often criticized the idealistic views of international organizations and international law as naive or ineffective. They argued that, in the absence of a strong enforcement mechanism, states would ultimately prioritize their own interests over international norms or legal obligations.
Although Realism has been influential in philosophy, political thought, and international relations, it has also been subject to criticism and debate, with other schools of thought, such as Liberalism and Constructivism, offering alternative perspectives on international relations.