1. Glorious Revolution:
The year 1688 marked a turning point in English history with the dethronement of King James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband, William of Orange, as joint monarchs. This political change signaled the triumph of parliamentary democracy and individual liberties, which had profound effects on literature and culture.
2. Rise of the Novel:
The late 17th century witnessed the birth and early development of the modern novel. Influenced by the growing literacy rates, the rise of the middle class, and increased leisure time, authors began experimenting with fictional narratives, leading to the emergence of this new literary form.
3. John Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress":
John Bunyan's groundbreaking allegorical work, "The Pilgrim's Progress," was first published in 1678. However, its popularity continued to rise in the following decades, becoming a widely read and influential work of religious and moral instruction.
4. Aphra Behn:
Aphra Behn, considered the first professional female dramatist in English literature, flourished during this period. Her contributions challenged gender conventions and highlighted the voices and experiences of women writers. Her plays, poems, and prose works pushed the boundaries of literary expression.
5. Restoration Literature:
The period after the return of King Charles II to the English throne in 1660 is often referred to as the Restoration period. Literature from this era is known for its wit, satire, and a focus on courtly life, reflecting the social and political climate of the time. Works like John Dryden's heroic verse, Restoration comedy, and Samuel Pepys's diaries exemplify this literary movement.
6. Influence on Enlightenment:
The ideas, political discourse, and intellectual shifts during this era laid the groundwork for the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment. The emphasis on reason, scientific inquiry, and individual freedoms found expression in literary works, paving the way for the philosophical and intellectual contributions that would shape the 18th century.
7. Literary Patronage:
The patronage of wealthy individuals and royalty played a significant role in supporting and encouraging writers. The establishment of coffee houses and literary societies facilitated intellectual discussions, cultural exchanges, and the growth of a wider reading audience.
In summary, the year 1688 marked a pivotal period in the history of English literature due to the confluence of political, social, and cultural changes that shaped the literary landscape. It saw the rise of the novel, the influence of the Glorious Revolution, the emergence of prominent writers like Bunyan and Behn, and laid the groundwork for the intellectual enlightenment of the 18th century.