Primary Sources:
* Empirical Data: This is the core of many research papers. It includes:
* Quantitative data: Numbers, statistics, measurements, gathered through experiments, surveys, or observations.
* Qualitative data: Text, audio, video, images, gathered through interviews, focus groups, or observations.
* Original Research:
* Experiments: Results of the writer's own controlled studies.
* Fieldwork: Observations, interviews, and data collection in real-world settings.
* Surveys: Findings from questionnaires or polls.
* Historical Documents: Original letters, diaries, government records, legal documents, photographs, etc.
* Personal Experiences: While not always the primary focus, first-hand accounts can provide valuable insights, especially in qualitative research.
Secondary Sources:
* Scholarly Articles: Published in peer-reviewed journals, these offer in-depth analysis and research findings.
* Books: Academic books written by experts in a field.
* Government Publications: Reports, statistics, and policy documents.
* Professional Reports: Publications from organizations like think tanks, research institutions, and government agencies.
* News Articles: While generally less rigorous than scholarly sources, news articles can provide context and recent developments.
* Interviews: Quotes from experts, researchers, or individuals with relevant experience.
Other Types of Evidence:
* Visual Evidence: Graphs, charts, maps, photographs, and other visual representations can effectively convey data and complex concepts.
* Case Studies: Detailed analyses of specific events, individuals, or organizations.
* Analogies & Metaphors: Comparisons to illustrate concepts or make arguments more relatable.
* Expert Opinions: Quotes and insights from recognized authorities in the field.
Important Considerations:
* Credibility: Verify the source's reputation, expertise, and potential bias.
* Relevance: Ensure the evidence directly supports your argument and is not extraneous.
* Objectivity: Strive for a balanced presentation of evidence, acknowledging different perspectives.
* Ethical Considerations: Use evidence responsibly, respecting intellectual property and avoiding plagiarism.
Remember: The specific types of evidence you use will depend on your research question, the field you are studying, and the specific format of your paper.