1. Anacronism: This is the most direct term for something out of place in time. It's often used when an object, event, or person from one time period appears in another.
Example: A character in a medieval setting using a smartphone.
2. Anachronism (as a literary device): This is a broader concept where the placement of an object, idea, or person is jarring and disrupts the expected flow of the narrative. It can be used for humorous or ironic effect.
Example: A character in a modern-day setting suddenly starts speaking in Shakespearean prose.
3. Juxtaposition: This is the placement of two contrasting elements side by side. This can be used to highlight the incongruity of an object or idea within its context.
Example: A luxurious mansion standing next to a dilapidated shack in a poverty-stricken neighborhood.
4. Irony: This is a broader concept where there is a discrepancy between what is expected and what actually happens, or between what is said and what is meant. An object that doesn't belong can be used to create ironic situations.
Example: A character who is known for being frugal buys an extravagant gift for someone.
5. Deus ex machina: This refers to a sudden and unexpected intervention that resolves a problem or conflict in a story. While not directly related to an object out of place, it can create a sense of disharmony within the narrative.
Example: A character suddenly inherits a vast fortune and solves all their problems, without any previous foreshadowing or reason.
The best term to use depends on the specific situation and the intended effect.