1. Alliteration: The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words or stressed syllables.
Example: "Whose woods these are I think I know."
2. Assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words.
Example: "Something there is that doesn't love a wall."
3. Personification: Giving human qualities to inanimate objects or abstract ideas.
Example: "The frozen-ground-swell under it
Cries out to no one."
4. Imagery: The use of vivid and sensory language to create mental pictures in the reader's mind.
Example: "Sometimes I think the wall that I have built
Years after year is only there to keep
Me from something else than what it is."
5. Symbolism: Using objects, actions, or ideas to represent something else, often abstract or intangible.
Example: The wall can be seen as a metaphor for social, political, or personal barriers.
6. Enjambment: The running over of a sentence from one line to the next without a pause or punctuation.
Example: "We wear our fingers rough with handling them.
Oh, just another kind of outdoor game,
One on a side. It comes to little more."
7. Parallelism: The repetition of similar grammatical structures or syntactic patterns.
Example: "Before I built a wall I'd ask to know
What I was walling in or walling out."
8. Caesura: A pause or break in a line of poetry, often indicated by punctuation such as a comma or dash.
Example: "He is all pine and I am apple orchard.
My apple trees will never get across
And eat the cones under his pines, I tell him.
He only says, "Good fences make good neighbors."
These poetic devices come together to create a complex and multi-layered poem that explores themes of boundaries, communication, and the nature of human relationships.