1. Amrita Bazar Patrika:
- Founded in 1868 in Kolkata.
- Published in English and Bengali.
- Known for its moderate and nationalist stance.
- Sought to build bridges between the Indian National Congress and the British government.
2. The Hindu:
- Established in 1878 in Madras (now Chennai).
- Published in English.
- Known for its non-partisan and independent reporting.
- Advocated for social reforms, including women's rights and upliftment of the downtrodden.
3. The Indian Express:
- Founded in 1932 in Chennai.
- Published in English.
- Associated with the Indian National Congress and supported the freedom movement.
- Known for its investigative journalism and exposing British atrocities.
4. Bombay Chronicle:
- Established in 1913 in Bombay (now Mumbai).
- Published in English.
- Played a significant role in promoting the non-cooperation movement and civil disobedience.
- Known for its outspoken criticism of British rule.
5. Kesari:
- Founded in 1881 by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in Pune.
- Published in Marathi.
- Promoted the concept of "Swaraj" (self-rule) and criticized British policies.
- Considered a mouthpiece for Tilak's political views and the extremist faction of the Indian National Congress.
6. The Tribune:
- Established in 1881 in Lahore (now in Pakistan).
- Published in English.
- Known for its balanced and moderate reporting.
- Played a crucial role in building public opinion in the Punjab region during the freedom movement.
7. Bande Mataram:
- Founded in 1906 in Kolkata by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bipin Chandra Pal.
- Published in English and Bengali.
- Espoused radical nationalist views and encouraged revolutionary activities against British rule.
8. Young India:
- Established in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi.
- Published in English.
- Served as a platform to propagate Gandhian principles, including non-violence, civil disobedience, and self-reliance.
These pre-independence newspapers played a vital role in shaping public discourse, mobilizing support for the freedom movement, and challenging British authority. They often faced censorship and repressions from the colonial government, but their commitment to freedom of expression and the pursuit of an independent India made them indispensable to the nation-building process.