1. Minimalism and Iceberg Theory: Hemingway is known for his "iceberg theory," where he presents only the "tip" of the story, leaving the reader to infer the submerged depths of meaning. This story is a prime example. We see only a brief conversation between a man and a woman, but the underlying tension, unspoken feelings, and impending decision are intensely felt.
2. Symbolism:
* "The white elephants": These are the hills in the distance, but also symbolize the unwanted pregnancy that the woman is considering ending. White elephants are often seen as burdens or unwanted gifts.
* The train station: This represents a crossroads – a place of transition and decision. The couple is waiting for a train, but also waiting to decide their future.
* The beer: The man repeatedly orders "beer with lots of ice," perhaps representing his attempts to numb his emotions and avoid facing the situation directly.
* The valley: The valley represents the future, the path they will choose. It's a place of potential, but also of uncertainty.
3. Dialogue and Subtext: Hemingway's dialogue is deceptively simple. The characters use short, clipped sentences, and often avoid directly addressing the elephant in the room. However, the subtext is potent. Every word carries weight, and the silences between words are pregnant with meaning.
4. Repetition and Emphasis: The phrase "Hills like white elephants" is repeated throughout the story, emphasizing the dominant issue and the characters' inability to directly confront it.
5. Juxtaposition and Contrast: The setting, a hot, dry landscape, contrasts with the couple's icy relationship and the emotionally charged topic they're trying to navigate.
6. Point of View: The story is told from a limited third-person perspective, allowing the reader to experience the tension and uncertainty of the situation through the characters' dialogue and actions.
7. Foreshadowing: The story hints at the potential consequences of the woman's decision without explicitly stating them. For example, the man's insistence that the operation is "perfectly simple" seems to offer reassurance but also suggests a potential for harm.
8. Atmosphere and Setting: The setting of the train station, in a desolate landscape, creates a sense of isolation and tension. The heat and dryness contribute to the overall feeling of discomfort and unease.
By skillfully using these devices, Hemingway creates a powerful and unforgettable story about a pivotal moment in a relationship, leaving the reader to grapple with the moral and emotional complexities of the situation.