Formal Elements:
* Strong Narrative: A clear and compelling story with a beginning, middle, and end. The plot should be engaging, well-paced, and free of unnecessary complications.
* Compelling Characters: Characters should be complex, relatable, and memorable. They should have motivations and desires that drive their actions.
* Beautiful Language: Language should be precise, evocative, and engaging. This includes things like:
* Figurative language: Similes, metaphors, personification, etc.
* Strong imagery: Vivid descriptions that appeal to the senses.
* Rhythm and sound: The flow of language and use of alliteration, assonance, etc.
* Theme & Meaning: Good literature explores universal truths and complex ideas about life, humanity, society, etc. The theme should be clear and thought-provoking.
* Structure and Form: The way the story is organized, the use of chapters, scenes, dialogue, etc. contributes to the overall effect. This might include:
* Point of View: First person, third person, etc.
* Symbolism and Motifs: Reoccurring images, objects, or concepts that represent deeper ideas.
Substantive Elements:
* Universality: Good literature speaks to something timeless and universal, resonating with readers across cultures and time periods.
* Emotional Impact: Literature should evoke emotions in the reader, whether it's joy, sadness, fear, anger, or a mix of these.
* Intellectual Stimulation: It should challenge the reader's assumptions and encourage critical thinking.
* Moral or Ethical Considerations: It might explore ethical dilemmas, societal issues, or raise questions about human nature.
Beyond these elements, good literature can also be:
* Original: Offers something new or fresh to the world of literature.
* Provocative: Challenges the reader's perspective, pushes boundaries, or sparks debate.
* Transformative: Leaves a lasting impact on the reader, prompting reflection and change.
Ultimately, "good" literature is what resonates with the reader on a personal level. Some readers may prefer classic works, while others may be drawn to contemporary fiction or poetry.
Remember, this list is not exhaustive, and there is no single formula for good literature. The most important thing is to read widely, explore different genres and styles, and find what speaks to you.