The novel emerged as a distinct literary form during the 17th century, primarily driven by several key factors:
Artistic Expression: The novel provided writers with greater freedom to explore complex characters, intricate plotlines, and themes that could not be fully realized in previous literary forms such as poetry or drama.
Changing Society: The rise of the middle class and an increasing literacy rate created a new readership with evolving tastes and desires for literature that reflected their changing social and cultural experiences. The novel catered to this growing audience.
Individualism and Exploration: The novel allowed for a more in-depth exploration of individual consciousness, interiority, and psychological development. It gave writers the opportunity to delve into the inner lives of characters and their unique perspectives.
Social Realism: The novel enabled authors to provide realistic portrayals of society, addressing social issues, critiquing societal norms, and offering commentary on contemporary events and cultural trends.
Entertainment and Escapism: The novel provided an entertaining escape from everyday life, transporting readers to different worlds and allowing them to experience a wide range of emotions, from romance and adventure to tragedy and introspection.
Technological Advancements: The invention of the printing press and the increasing availability of books facilitated the mass production and dissemination of novels, making them accessible to a wider audience.
Influence of Earlier Forms: The novel emerged from a fusion of elements from earlier literary traditions, including romances, chivalric tales, short stories, and autobiographical accounts. It incorporated and transformed these elements to create a new form.