While he was born in 1865, he was still writing and publishing throughout the Edwardian era, and some critics even place him in the Late Victorian period. This is because his work reflects the attitudes and sensibilities of the Victorian era while also showcasing the changes and anxieties of the early 20th century.
Here's a breakdown:
* Victorian era: 1837-1901 (reign of Queen Victoria). This period saw great social and economic change, with the rise of industrialization, imperialism, and scientific advancements. It also saw a shift in literary styles, with a focus on realism, social commentary, and moral earnestness. Kipling's work, with its themes of duty, empire, and social responsibility, reflects these characteristics.
* Late Victorian era: 1880-1901. This period saw a growing sense of anxiety about the future of the British Empire, the rise of new technologies, and a growing awareness of social issues such as poverty and inequality. Kipling's work, with its focus on the complexities of empire and the darker sides of human nature, reflects these anxieties.
* Edwardian era: 1901-1910 (reign of King Edward VII). Kipling continued writing and publishing during this period, but his work often reflected a more disillusioned view of the world, with themes of loss, regret, and the futility of war.
So, while Rudyard Kipling is most closely associated with the Victorian era, his work can also be seen as belonging to the Late Victorian and Edwardian periods, reflecting the changing times and anxieties of his era.