While his writing style and themes sometimes reflected the emerging trends of Modernism, he is generally considered a Victorian writer due to:
* The timeframe of his major works: His most celebrated stories and poems were written and published during the late 19th century.
* His adherence to Victorian values: His work often emphasized themes of imperialism, duty, and social hierarchy, which were prominent in Victorian society.
* His popular appeal: Kipling's work resonated with the Victorian audience, and his style was deeply influenced by the conventions of Victorian literature.
While Kipling may have foreshadowed some aspects of Modernism, his core themes and writing style firmly place him within the Victorian literary landscape.