* Observations: Teachers note student participation, effort, and understanding during class.
* Checklists: Teachers track whether students have mastered specific skills or concepts.
* Portfolios: Students collect samples of their work to demonstrate growth over time.
* Conferences: Teachers and students (and sometimes parents) discuss progress and areas for improvement.
* Narrative reports: Teachers provide written descriptions of student performance rather than assigning grades.
The goal of ungraded/non-graded systems is typically to reduce the emphasis on grades as the primary motivator for learning and to foster a more holistic and individualized approach to education. It aims to create a less stressful learning environment and allow students to focus on the learning process itself rather than the grade they receive. However, it's important to note that some form of assessment is still usually used to track progress and identify areas needing support.