An action research study has outcome validity if?

An action research study has outcome validity if the outcomes reported accurately reflect the actual changes or impacts that occurred as a result of the intervention. This means the measures used to assess the outcomes are reliable and accurately capture the intended effects. It's not just about *observing* changes; it's about demonstrating that those observed changes are a *direct result* of the implemented actions and not due to other factors. Therefore, strong outcome validity requires careful consideration of potential confounding variables and robust data collection and analysis methods.