The most basic method of building a volcano is to build one from modeling clay. Choose clay that will match the colors of the layers and the lava in the volcano -- black, gray, red, orange and yellow. Assemble the volcano from the inside and build up the clay to the outside. When complete, cut the clay volcano in half and open to display the different volcano layers of soot, ash and lava.
On a separate chart, list the different layers of the volcano and explain their makeup and volcanic function. Be sure to include other parts of the volcano such as the pipe, crater and vent. Display this information on a clear plastic stand next to your volcano model.
Cut 6-, 8- and 12-inch strips of newspaper and dip in plain white school glue. Loosely arrange the strips vertically, starting with the shorter strips and building up to the longer ones, around a 16-ounce plastic or glass soda bottle to form the shape of a volcano. Keep building up the strips and form them into an upward triangle until the structure is complete. Be sure to keep the bottle opening clear and open. Allow to dry overnight and paint the outside black or brown with painted red lava spewing from the bottle opening at the top. Add tiny trees and plants and even a few animals if so desired.
Use this structure to demonstrate lava coming up by pouring one-quarter cup vinegar into the the opening. Slowly add 2 tablespoons vinegar mixed with red Jell-O granules. Stand back and watch the volcano erupt. Have a chart next to the volcano with pictures of the various volcano layers and their characteristics and colors.
Purchase an 18-inch cone and cut off the top 4 inches. Cut grooves and pits in the outside of the Styrofoam with a sharp knife or spoon to make the structure appear more natural. Mix a solution of 2 cups gray or brown sandy grout with 2 cups water and mix thoroughly. Pour over the Styrofoam cone and pat into the surface with your hands. Allow the cone to dry thoroughly overnight. Cut the Styrofoam cone vertically down the middle. Be prepared to pat on more grout if the edges crack. Paint the inside layers with paint, displaying the different layers of volcano soot, ash and lava. Again, be sure to include the pipe, crater and vent of the structure. Provide a diagram of the volcano and all of its parts and layers.
Many kits are available with instructions and supplies for students to build volcanoes, but they learn so much more and get more creative if they build their own. Encourage students to get creative and build structures with their own ideas and creative materials.