Physical science includes chemistry and physics, which are sometimes broken into separate classes. For example, at Mt. Lebanon School District in Pittsburgh, eighth-graders spend the entire year on conceptual physics, learning about the concepts of motion and energy and other fundamental ideas. Students studying physical science learn about the properties of matter, the periodic table of elements, atoms and bonding, chemical reactions and chemical equations. Other topics include potential and kinetic energies, or the energy an object possesses due to its motion.
Earth and space science cover a wide range of topics from plate tectonics to natural disasters. Earth science may also cover maps and topography, and some schools offer separate oceanography and geology courses. General course work may discuss weather, climate and the properties of water, air, rocks, minerals and energy. Space science covers the structure of systems and objects in space and astronomy. Some Earth and science units include environmental science, where students learn about how humans affect the environment and about pollution and other environmental problems.
Biology and life science are common classes found in middle school and cover everything from the human body to ecology. Students in life science classes generally study cells, evolution and the nature of life, including the basic characteristics of humans, plants and animals. Other core concepts include reproductive patterns and life cycles and the interdependence of animals and plants. Students often study genetics in life science classes, and according to Locust Valley Middle School in New York, eighth-graders also study genetics to obtain a clearer understanding of their own genetic traits.
Interdisciplinary science is a combination of several sciences. It has a broad base of learning, as it looks at science through technology, the relationship of science on communities and even includes math and other disciplines. Students in interdisciplinary science learn how to use observation, data and experimentation to test ideas. For example, at Locust Valley Middle School in New York, sixth-grade interdisciplinary science is a combination of scientific inquiry, physical setting and the environment, taught with the use of mathematical analysis and engineering design.