* Before the 20th Century: Education was far less standardized. There were often grammar schools (covering basic education) and then high schools or academies for those who continued their studies. The age ranges and curriculum varied greatly. A "middle school" as a distinct entity didn't exist. Some students might have transitioned directly from grammar school to high school, while others might have received apprenticeships or other forms of vocational training instead.
* Early 20th Century: The system began to formalize, with junior high schools emerging as a transitional phase between elementary and high school. These were not exactly the same as modern middle schools but served a similar purpose.
* Mid-20th Century Onward: The structure of elementary, middle (or junior high), and high schools became more widespread in the United States and other countries. However, even today, the exact structure and grade levels included in each vary.
So, the short answer is no, not in the way we understand them today. The concept of a distinct middle school is a relatively recent development in educational organization. While there were transitional stages between elementary and secondary education, they differed significantly from the structure of modern middle schools.