Victorian Schools (roughly 1837-1901):
* Curriculum: Focused heavily on rote learning, memorization, and religious instruction. Subjects included reading, writing, arithmetic, and religious catechism. Science and other subjects were often secondary, if taught at all. Curriculum varied greatly depending on class and school type (public schools for wealthy boys were vastly different from elementary schools for working-class children).
* Teaching Methods: Authoritarian and punitive. Corporal punishment (caning, flogging) was common. Teachers often lectured from the front of the classroom, with little opportunity for student interaction or questioning. Learning was largely passive.
* School Structure: Strict hierarchy and discipline. Students were expected to be silent and obedient. Segregation by gender and social class was common. Public schools (elite boarding schools) were very different from elementary schools (day schools for the masses).
* Infrastructure: Often overcrowded and poorly ventilated classrooms. Basic sanitation facilities. Lack of resources and technology. Buildings were often austere.
* Social Context: Education was not compulsory for all until late in the Victorian era. Working-class children often left school early to work. Girls received less formal education than boys. The aim was often to instill discipline and obedience rather than critical thinking.
Modern Schools:
* Curriculum: Broad and diverse, covering a wide range of subjects including arts, sciences, humanities, technology, and physical education. Emphasis on critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. Curriculum standards are often set nationally or regionally.
* Teaching Methods: More student-centered and interactive. Emphasis on collaborative learning, project-based learning, and differentiated instruction to cater to diverse learning styles. Technology is widely integrated into teaching and learning.
* School Structure: Less hierarchical and more collaborative. Emphasis on creating a supportive and inclusive learning environment. Focus on individual student needs and well-being. Equal opportunities for all students regardless of gender, race, or socioeconomic background.
* Infrastructure: Well-equipped classrooms with technology, libraries, and specialized facilities (labs, workshops, sports facilities). Improved sanitation and safety standards. Accessible buildings.
* Social Context: Compulsory education is the norm in most developed countries. Increased focus on inclusive education and meeting the needs of diverse learners. Emphasis on developing social and emotional skills as well as academic skills.
In short: Victorian schools prioritized discipline and rote learning within a rigid social hierarchy, while modern schools strive for a more inclusive, student-centered, and diverse learning experience that fosters critical thinking and individual development. The differences are profound and reflect broader societal shifts in values, beliefs, and understanding of education's purpose.