As adults, we solve problems every day without even realizing it. Children need a process to help them identify the steps in problem solving. Ask them to identify the problem, what is happening and why. Have them figure out the cause of the problem and the solution to fix it. Consider various resolutions and have them ask themselves: Which is the best solution? Which solution will have lasting results? Which will have the least negative side effects? Once the best solution is determined, have them follow their plan and figure out if the problem is resolved.
For small children, a set of blocks is one way to start learning about problem solving. Buy a set of blocks that are different shapes and come in a box with the corresponding holes. Watch the process of trial and error as your child attempts to put the star in the square-shaped hole. This game starts them learning how to solve a problem. With older children, plan a treasure hunt. Make a map or a list of instructions to follow to find the "treasure." For an extra challenge, make each of the clues a riddle the child must figure out.
Puzzles help develop problem-solving skills. Children need to identify the different pieces and figure out where they go. For younger children, puzzles with larger pieces are better. As children get older, the pieces will increase in amount and decrease in size. For an alternate to actual puzzles, get some games that involve puzzle-solving skills such as Ubongo. The manufacturer's suggested age is 8 years old and up, and as many as four people can play.
Even arts and crafts require problem-solving skills. Ask your child to make a necklace. Provide plastic craft string and beads, some with tiny holes that don't fit on the string and others with holes that are too big. They will quickly learn that some of the beads can't be used and where they must place beads with larger holes. For a multifaceted problem-solving activity, provide your child with a bowl with salt, sand and some paper clips or other magnetic items. Give them a bowl of water, a magnet, a strainer and a cloth. Ask them to separate the contents of the first bowl using the items you provided in the second. Have them experiment with different techniques. If they don't get the answer, help them figure it out. Lay the contents of the bowl on the cloth and remove the paper clips using the magnet, pour the sand and salt into the bowl of water and strain the sand out.