Cognates, words that sound similar in the student's native language and English, such as the words "familia" in Spanish and "family" in English, allow LEP students to use vocabulary from their first language when struggling to recognize an English word. Have students note when they hear a cognate in a read-aloud or in a text they are reading and then compare the spelling, intonation and meaning of the words as a class. When working with cognates, teach students that certain words are false cognates, with the same or similar spellings but different meanings, such as the English word "globe" and the Spanish word "globo," meaning "balloon," and that they must use context clues to help determine the meaning of each vocabulary word.
Explicit instruction involves introducing LEP students to a specific vocabulary word, often before a classroom lesson. Using a pre-selected word, explain the definition to students and use the word in a sentence or phrase before asking them to repeat the word. Once the vocabulary word has been introduced, allow LEP students to practice using the new word by finding the object, or a picture of the object, in the classroom, recording a definition of the vocabulary word in their own terms, acting out the meaning of the word or coming up with a sentence that uses the vocabulary word correctly.
Indirect instruction teaches students new vocabulary words through exposure instead of direct instruction. Exposure to English through watching English language television shows, playing educational computer games and listening to audiobooks gives LEP students the opportunity to explore new words and their meanings in a non-threatening environment. Time spent reading independently, listening to a read-aloud story and having conversations in English, specifically conversations with adults, also help with vocabulary development.
Label classroom objects with their English name as well as the word in LEP students' first language, or encourage students to label objects on their own as they learn new vocabulary words. Show them how to use a dictionary and a dual language dictionary to look up the meaning of an unfamiliar word. Model the correct usage of new vocabulary words instead of correcting LEP student mistakes every time. Ensure that LEP students know the meaning of crucial words by having them demonstrate understanding through oral or written use of the vocabulary term before expecting them to use the word appropriately.