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What Methods Are Used to Determine How to Solve Quadratic Equations?

Quadratics are equations in the form of ax^2+bx+c=0, where a, b and c are numbers -- usually integers -- and "a" is not 0. These equations arise in many real world problems, such as the arc of a projectile, certain minimum and maximum problems, and problems involving areas and the relative rates of two objects. There are several techniques for solving these problems, each one appropriate for different types of quadratic equation.
  1. Graphing

    • Graphing is by far the easiest way to solve a quadratic equation -- but it does not always work and, when it works, the results can be inaccurate. If you have a computer with a math software package or a graphing calculator, though, it is a good place to start. Every place the graphed curve crosses the x axis is a root of the quadratic and, if the curve crosses the x axis at point p, x-p is a factor of the quadratic. There are two problems: the graphed curve may not cross the x axis, and if it does, it may be hard to read accurately.

    Factoring

    • Factoring is probably the most common way to solve quadratics. For example x^2+3x+2 = (x+1)(x+2). Once the factors are known, set each factor to zero and solve to get x=-1 and x=-2.

      The problem is that not all quadratics are easy to factor -- especially quadratics with complex roots. These are the same ones whose graph did not cross the x axis. Factoring -- if it is easy -- is the first choice. Graphing first can help the factoring process.

    Completing the Square

    • Some quadratics are perfect squares -- the two factors are the same. The quadratic x^2+x+c is a perfect square if c=(b/2)^2. x^2-6x+8=0 is not a perfect square, but we can make it a perfect square by solving for x using a perfect square. In this example, 9 is the perfect square added to solve for x: x^2-6x+8=0; x^2-6x=-8; x^2-6x+9=-8+9; x^2-6x+9=1; (x-3)^2=1. So x-3=-1 and x-3=+1, or x=2 and x=4.

    The Quadratic Formula

    • The quadratic formula always works, but it involves a lot more algebra than factoring quadratics that are easy to factor. The quadratic formula states that if ax^2+bx+c=0, the two roots are x=(-b-(b^2-4ac)*0.5)/2a and x=(-b+(b^2-4ac)*0.5)/2a. For example, if x^2-6X+8=0, the first root is x=(-(-6)-((-6)^2-4(1)(8))*0.5)/2(1)=2, and the other root is x=(-(-6)+((-6)^2-4(1)(8))*0.5)/2(1)=4.

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