Give the child 100 pennies and have him count them out into piles of 10. You can practice counting to 10, or you can continue with 11, 12, 13, etc., depending on the child's level. How many piles of 10 make 100? Practice counting different numbers using the piles of ten. For example, ask for 47 pennies. How many piles of 10? How many more pennies?
Show the value of a nickel, dime, quarter and dollar by counting out the pennies that each of the coins represent. Find out how many piles of 25 you can make with 100 pennies and explain how that relates to how many quarters are in a dollar. Do the same activity with nickels and dimes.
Make relationships between the coins. Ask, how many nickels make a dime? How many dimes make a dollar?
Practice paying for things with the proper change. You can give your child an old receipt with real prices on it and ask them to help you find the right coins to pay for, such as juice that costs $1.89.
Divide the coins into random piles and have your child count the coins in each pile. Then add them together to find out how much money there is altogether. To make it a game for more than one child, hide the coins around the house and have the children search for the coins. When they're finished, they should each count up how much money they found and then add up the totals to see how much they have altogether.
Play shopper and cashier. Bring some play items, with price tags, to your child and ask them to add up the prices.
Practice making change. Pay for your pretend purchase with more money than necessary, and ask for your change back. Or give your child a set amount of money and have him calculate how much money he will have left after making various purchases.
Teach simple multiplication by finding the value of 3 quarters, 4 dimes, or 18 nickels, etc. Teach more advanced multiplication with tasks like calculating how much allowance you get in two months if you get $7 per week. Or if you a buy bag of chips at $2.10 every day, how much do you spend on chips per week?
Reverse the previous activities to teach division. How many dimes are in $1.50? How many nickels are in $40? How much should a weekly allowance be if you get $30 in a month? How many bags of chips can you buy with $10? You can also teach division with remainders such as, how many dimes are in $1.17? What is the remainder?
Calculate the taxes paid on various purchases to learn percentages. Another option is to calculate discounts. For example: A video game that costs $35 is on sale for 20% off. How much is the discount? What is the sale price?
Teach simple and compound interest using worksheets and examples. Explain the concepts of principal, rate, and term. Practice calculating how much interest would be paid on a loan at different rates or over different terms. You could even have the student look at real credit card statements and analyze them.
Practice more complicated multiplication and division by learning to convert currencies. Use real conversion rates and find out the value of different currencies. This is also a good opportunity to learn about different countries and cultures.