#  >> K-12 >> Elementary School

How to Describe the Layers of Muscles Found in an Earthworm

Worms can change shape. They can be long and thin one moment, or short and thick the next. They can even be long, thin, short and thick in different parts -- all at the same time. They can do this trick because their body wall is made of two layers of muscle along its whole length: circular muscles and long ones. They move by contracting and relaxing each layer in turn. Squeezing the circular muscles makes the worm long and thin, so it reaches out in front. Pulling in the long muscles brings the back end up to make a bulge. Another squeeze pushes the front end forward again. Because a worm's body is arranged in segments it can move one bit at a time, with a ripple effect.

Things You'll Need

  • Worm jar containing soil, leaves and earthworms
  • Damp paper towels
  • Magnifying glasses
  • Drawing paper and pencils
  • Simplified diagram of a worm's body
Show More

Instructions

    • 1
      When long muscles contract, they pull the segments into a bulge.

      Place a worm on damp paper and touch it gently to make it move, while the children watch. Get them to draw quick sketches of the worm's body several times over the next ten minutes, showing how it stretches out and bulges in different places. Use magnifying glasses if possible, to show detail.

      Arrange the drawings in a shallow diagonal procession across a tabletop to give an impression, as if in animation frames, of how the worm changes shape as it moves.

    • 2

      Explain how movement depends on two layers of muscle: circular and long. Draw a diagram on the whiteboard to show longitudinal stripes -- representing the long muscles -- down the length of a worm.

    • 3

      Draw hoops around the worm, to represent the circular muscles. Describe how the muscles work in turn - the circular muscles squeezing and the long ones pulling - to make the worm change shape and move

    • 4

      Explain that the squeezing and pulling seems to come in waves, because the worm's body is made up of segments, which work one after the other.

    • 5

      Use magnifiers to let the students observe this in worms from the worm jar. Choose particularly long worms, to show how the worm can bulge in more than one place at once.

    • 6

      Ask the children to move like worms -- wriggling their way across the floor by stretching out then bunching up their body. They can do this individually, then in groups, each child representing one segment and each group representing one worm. The "segments" stretch out and bunch up one after the other to simulate the wave effect they saw in the real worm. Hold "worm races" between competing groups, or line up the whole class to make a giant worm.

    • 7

      Talk about how the way worms move makes them good at tunneling. Discuss how important earthworms are in recycling leaf litter and aerating soil. This makes healthy soil that grows healthy plants.

Learnify Hub © www.0685.com All Rights Reserved