* Play-based learning: This was central to Froebel's philosophy. Learning occurred through play and self-activity, not rote memorization. Activities were designed to foster creativity, exploration, and self-expression.
* Gifts and Occupations: Froebel developed specific structured play materials called "gifts" (e.g., colorful building blocks, balls) and "occupations" (e.g., activities involving paper folding, weaving, and modeling clay). These were carefully designed to develop specific skills and understanding through manipulation and exploration. They progressed in complexity, building upon previously learned concepts.
* Sensory experiences: Froebel understood the importance of sensory exploration in learning. The gifts and occupations were crafted to stimulate children's senses of sight, touch, sound, and even smell and taste (in some instances).
* Holistic development: Froebel's approach aimed to nurture the whole child – intellectual, emotional, social, and physical development were all considered interconnected and equally important.
* Nature integration: Nature played a significant role in Froebel's classrooms. Children engaged in outdoor activities, gardening, and observing nature, fostering a connection with the natural world.
* Creative expression: Children were encouraged to express themselves creatively through art, music, storytelling, and play.
* Child-centered learning: The focus was on the child's individual needs and interests, with the teacher acting as a guide and facilitator rather than a lecturer.
* Social interaction: Although independent play was encouraged, opportunities for group play and collaboration were also provided, fostering social skills and cooperation.
* Structured environment: While emphasizing child-led exploration, Froebel's classrooms were not chaotic. The activities and materials were carefully chosen and structured to support learning progression.
It's important to note that modern kindergartens may not always adhere strictly to all of Froebel's original principles, but his influence on early childhood education remains significant. Many aspects of his philosophy, such as play-based learning and holistic development, are still considered best practices.