One of the oldest types of theological papers is the analytical exegesis of scriptures. In this type of paper, either a single passage or several passages with a similar theme or subject are analyzed for their significance. What usually makes these passages significant, however, is the paper's thesis. Common theses include the identification of layers of meaning (analogous, allegoric, prophetic, etc.), moral lessons and relationship to other passages.
Many different religions have developed over the course of time, and their teachings, doctrines, principles and dogmas have steadily emerged and grown. An excellent topic for a theology paper traces the emergence and development of theological doctrine as it relates to the religious, social and even political needs of the time. Catholicism's doctrine on papal infallibility, for instance, arose out of its desire to combat anti-Catholic teachings of rationalism.
One of the most interesting topics for a theological paper focuses on the details of moral laws and how they are properly applied to difficult moral choices. An example of this sort of analysis is the application of the Principle of Double Effect to dilemmas such as abortion, the taking of a human life and scientific research on human beings.
Another common topic for theological papers defends theological positions against religious and secular criticisms. This type of paper is perhaps the easiest topic for which to find material because theologians prominent within any particular religion have a vested interest in explaining and defending their views against detractors. As a result, a lot of apologetic information is usually available from erudite theologians of most religions.