* Objective Tone: The writing focuses on facts and information, avoiding subjective opinions or emotional language. The "I" and "you" pronouns are generally avoided, unless absolutely necessary and appropriate for the context (e.g., a formal research paper might use "I" in the methods section to describe the researcher's actions).
* Precise Language: Words are carefully chosen for their accuracy and clarity. Vague or ambiguous language is avoided. Technical terminology might be used if appropriate for the audience and subject matter.
* Complex Sentence Structures: Formal writing often employs longer, more complex sentences to convey intricate ideas and relationships between concepts. However, complexity shouldn't come at the cost of clarity.
* Formal Diction: The vocabulary is sophisticated and avoids slang, idioms, contractions (e.g., "don't," "can't"), and colloquialisms (informal expressions).
* Impersonal Point of View: The writer remains detached from the subject matter, presenting information in a neutral and unbiased manner.
* Proper Grammar and Mechanics: Grammar and punctuation are meticulously correct. There are no spelling errors or grammatical inconsistencies.
* Clear Structure and Organization: Formal writing follows a logical structure, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Paragraphs are well-organized and cohesive. Transitions are used effectively to connect ideas.
* Appropriate Citation and Referencing: If sources are used, they are properly cited and referenced according to a specific style guide (e.g., MLA, APA, Chicago).
Examples of formal writing include:
* Academic papers and essays
* Business reports and proposals
* Legal documents
* Scientific publications
* Formal letters
In contrast to informal writing (which uses contractions, slang, and a more conversational tone), formal writing maintains a professional distance and emphasizes accuracy and objectivity. The level of formality can vary depending on the context, but the core principles remain consistent.