1. The Indian Constitution: The Constitution of India abolished untouchability in 1950 and made its practice illegal. It prohibits discrimination based on caste and guarantees equal rights for all citizens.
2. Legislation: Enactment of several laws such as the Protection of Civil Rights Act (1955), the Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act (1989), and the Protection of Human Rights Act (1993) to punish and deter acts of untouchability and discrimination.
3. Social Reform Movements: Organizations like the Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, and Theosophical Society promoted social reform and fought against caste discrimination. Mahatma Gandhi launched various movements, including the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement, which emphasized the unity of all Indians and opposed untouchability.
4. Caste Reservation System: To promote social inclusion and equal opportunities, the Government of India implemented the policy of caste-based reservations in education and government jobs. This provides opportunities for historically disadvantaged castes, including those previously subjected to untouchability.
5. Advocacy and Awareness Campaigns: Activist organisations and non-governmental organisations work to raise awareness about the caste system, untouchability, and discrimination. Campaigns are aimed at educating the public about the negative impacts of these practices and fostering a climate of equality and acceptance.
6. Education: Efforts are made to include the history, social impact, and consequences of untouchability in school curricula, aiming to educate students about its harmful effects and promoting respect for all individuals.
7. Social Integration Programs: Implementing initiatives that encourage social interaction and intermingling among different caste groups. Efforts are made to break down social barriers and foster a sense of belonging and community for all citizens.
8. Media Representation: Efforts to promote positive media representation of marginalized communities challenge existing stereotypes and normalize social interaction beyond caste lines. Media coverage contributes to increasing consciousness and public debate on the issue.
These efforts reflect an ongoing commitment to social justice, equality, and human rights in India. While significant progress has been accomplished, efforts are still being made to address structural biases, ingrained social attitudes, and discrimination based on caste and untouchability.