Since all pathogens are killed by intense heat, dry heat is an effective low-tech method of sterilizing instruments. In 2011, dry heat sterilization is not a new technology. In 1961, researchers E.M. Darmady et al discussed this method extensively. The advantage of dry heat is the effective sterilization of very small areas, such as the inside of syringe needles. The Engender Health organization recommends subjecting an instrument for one hour at 340 degrees Fahrenheit for complete sterilization.
Many chemicals kill pathogens, and this is another low-tech but effective way of sterilization. The instrument is usually submersed in a liquid that kills pathogens. The manufacturer of the liquid specifies the length of time needed in the soak tank. Researchers William Rutala and David Weber of the University of North Carolina reported that a chemical, called OPA, was discovered to be an excellent sterilizing liquid and obtained the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 1999.
Radiation is a high-tech method of sterilization. According to Dr. John Hageman of the Health Physics Society, an instrument is put into a sealed bag. The bag and contents are exposed to a high dose of radiation, as produced by an X-ray machine. The radiation kills the pathogens. When the instrument is ready to use, the bag is opened. This is an effective method for items such as disposable latex gloves.
High pressure steam is also used extensively. Both heat and steam cleaning occurs inside a machine called an autoclave. Many autoclaves are small, about the size of a microwave oven. Inside the autoclave, steam is generated at high pressure. The heat kills pathogens, and the steam washes the instrument. A door in front is opened, the instruments placed inside, and the autoclave is turned on after the door is closed. According to the Science Communication Network, autoclaving is a dependable, inexpensive and a non-toxic way of sterilizing instruments.